基于水系改进的高分辨率DEM和GEOWEPP的流域产沙量估算及其空间尺度效应研究

基于水系改进的高分辨率DEM和GEOWEPP,从坡面、子流域和流域3种空间尺度对五桥河流域产沙量进行了估算。结果表明,从不同的空间尺度进行考察,流域的水土流失特征存在较大的差异。从坡面尺度到子流域尺度和流域尺度,研究区114.6 km2面积上的年产沙总量从3.79×105t减少至1.25×105t和0.84×105t,单位面积年产沙量从33.09 t hm-2减少至10.94 t hm-2和7.29 t hm-2,年均泥沙输移比从1.000减小至0.331和0.220。将GIS与GEOWEPP结合,既能反映流域输出终端的泥沙量,又可以刻画流域内部土壤侵蚀的强度和空间分布,能为流域水土保持措施布置提供更为科学的依据。     

韭园沟流域典型淤地坝淤粗排细作用研究

对韭园沟流域8座典型淤地坝坝内淤积物进行野外挖探坑观测取样,将坝内淤积物和马兰黄土颗粒级配进行对比,初步分析淤地坝的淤粗排细作用机理。在空间分布上,垂直分布,淤地坝坝内淤积物具有一定的沉积层理,即粉土层与黏土层相间分布;水平分布,同一沟道上游淤地坝较下游淤地坝淤积物粒径粗,单坝远坝处较近坝处淤积物粒径粗。工程结构上,有放水建筑物的淤地坝,控制面积决定了其淤粗排细效果;控制面积相近的淤地坝,有无放水建筑物决定了其淤粗排细效果;水毁坝也具有一定淤粗排细作用。     

江淮分水岭地区干旱分析

通过对江淮分水岭地区气象和水文资料以及多年旱涝状况的分析，得出了该地区基本的气候特点。该地区气候可划分为东、中、西3部分，西部气候湿润而稳定，旱涝灾害较少；中部气候干燥而稳定，旱灾多于涝灾；东部气候变化复杂，分析认为东部气候类型是整个江淮分水岭地区的基本气候类型，中、西部气候是在该基本气候类型基础上受山地和水域等周围地理环境影响而形成的。     

基于氘盈余分析季节性降水对浅层地下水的补给——以鹰潭孙家农田小流域为例

本研究基于氢氧稳定性同位素技术,分析了2012年4月至2014年3月孙家农田小流域降水、灌溉水和地下水的氢氧同位素季节变化规律,并应用δD-δ18O关系图和氘盈余质量平衡法分别确定了研究区浅层地下水的主要补给来源和季节性降水对地下水补给的贡献率。结果表明,研究区大气降水线方程为:δD=8.49δ18O+16.7(n=110,R2=0.98)。降水中δD(–113.3‰~7.5‰)和δ18O(–14.9‰~–0.9‰)季节性差异明显;地下水δD和δ18O(–45.3‰~–40.4‰和–7.29‰~–6.44‰)相对稳定;灌溉水δD和δ18O分别介于–66.2‰~–28.3‰和–9.17‰~–5.00‰,变化范围小于降水,大于地下水。在δD-δ18O关系图中,地下水各水样点主要分布在当地大气降水线附近,说明地下水主要受大气降水补给。降水中氘盈余(dexcess)介于1.3‰~23.7‰,夏半年(4—9月)dexcess平均值(10.8‰)显著低于冬半年(10—3月)dexcess平均值(17.1‰)。地下水氘盈余相对稳定,介于8.75‰~14.9‰,平均值为11.9‰。通过氘盈余质量平衡法计算得出,夏半年降水对地下水的贡献率为83%,而冬半年的贡献仅有17%,表明季节性降水对地下水补给的贡献差异显著,夏半年降水对地下水补给具有主导性作用。     

Modeling the impacts of no-till practice on soil erosion and sediment yield with RUSLE, SEDD, and ArcView GIS

The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), the sediment delivery distributed (SEDD) model, and ArcView GIS were used to estimate the impacts of no-till practice on soil erosion and sediment yield in Pataha Creek Watershed, a typical dryland agricultural watershed in southeastern Washington. The results showed that the average cell soil loss decreased from 11.09 to 3.10 t/ha yr for the whole watershed and from 17.67 to 3.89 t/ha yr for the croplands under the no-till scenario. Likewise, the average cell sediment yield decreased from 4.71 to 1.49 t/ha yr for the entire watershed and from 7.11 to 1.55 t/ha yr for the croplands under no-till practices. The major reason why no-till practice can significantly reduce the soil erosion and sediment yield is that it prevents rill generation which through rill erosion ultimately contributes up to 90% of the soil erosion in the Inland Pacific Northwest region.     

玉米对钾、氮的吸收特性与施肥效应研究

施肥效应试验结果表明，施钾能明显提高玉米产量，在氮磷肥充足时，钾肥的增产效果显著。玉米钾吸收量明显以秸秆为主，超过子粒吸钾量的2倍。N来自土壤的数量为75．83kg／hm^2；K20来自土壤的数量为54．85kg／hm^2。NPK施肥处理吸钾总量平均高出NP处理82．7％，子粒和秸秆分别平均增加18．4％和132．5％；说明钾吸收量增加对秸秆产量贡献明显小于对子粒产量的贡献。各施氮和施钾处理的氮、钾均有不同程度盈余；不施氮肥，玉米对肥料钾的吸收量也相应减少。本试验钾肥（K2O）产投比以NPK2处理最高（3．46），经济效益也最好。因此，江淮地区同等肥力土壤，玉米钾肥推荐用量为136kg/hm^2。     

Effect of cropland management and slope position on soil organic carbon pool at the North Appalachian Experimental Watersheds

Soil organic matter is strongly related to soil type, landscape morphology, and soil and crop management practices. Therefore, long-term (15–36-years) effects of six cropland management systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in 0–30 cm depth were studied for the period of 1939–1999 at the North Appalachian Experimental Watersheds (<3 ha, Dystric Cambisol, Haplic Luvisol, and Haplic Alisol) near Coshocton, OH, USA. Six management treatments were: (1) no tillage continuous corn with NPK (NC); (2) no tillage continuous corn with NPK and manure (NTC-M); (3) no tillage corn–soybean rotation (NTR); (4) chisel tillage corn–soybean rotation (CTR); (5) moldboard tillage with corn–wheat–meadow–meadow rotation with improved practices (MTR-I); (6) moldboard tillage with corn–wheat–meadow–meadow rotation with prevalent practices (MTR-P). The SOC pool ranged from 24.5 Mg ha⁻¹ in the 32-years moldboard tillage corn (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–meadow–meadow rotation with straight row farming and annual application of fertilizer (N:P:K=5:9:17) of 56–112 kg ha⁻¹ and cattle (Bos taurus) manure of 9 Mg ha⁻¹ as the prevalent system (MTR-P) to 65.5 Mg ha⁻¹ in the 36-years no tillage continuous corn with contour row farming and annual application of 170–225 kg N ha⁻¹ and appropriate amounts of P and K, and 6–11 Mg ha⁻¹ of cattle manure as the improved system (NTC-M). The difference in SOC pool among management systems ranged from 2.4 to 41 Mg ha⁻¹ and was greater than 25 Mg ha⁻¹ between NTC-M and the other five management systems. The difference in the SOC pool of NTC-M and that of no tillage continuous corn (NTC) were 16–21 Mg ha⁻¹ higher at the lower slope position than at the middle and upper slope positions. The effect of slope positions on SOC pools of the other management systems was significantly less (<5 Mg ha⁻¹). The effects of manure application, tillage, crop rotation, fertilizer rate, and soil and water conservation farming on SOC pool were accumulative. The NTC-M treatment with application of NPK fertilizer, lime, and cattle manure is an effective cropland management system for SOC sequestration.     

Watershed-scale assessment of soil quality in the loess hills of southwest Iowa

Soil quality is a concept that integrates soil biological, chemical and physical factors into a framework for soil resource evaluation. Conventional tillage practices can result in a loss of soil organic matter and decreased soil quality. The potential for soil quality degradation with tillage may vary depending upon landscape position and the spatial distribution of critical soil properties. Information on how to accurately integrate soil spatial information across fields, landscapes and watersheds is lacking in the literature. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effect of conventional and ridge-tillage on soil quality in three small watersheds at the Deep Loess Research Station near the town of Treynor in southwest Iowa. Soil types included Monona silt loams in summit positions, Ida or Dow silt loams in backslope positions, and Napier or Kennebec silt loams in footslope positions. We removed surface soil cores from transects placed along topographic gradients in each watershed and quantified total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N (TN), particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and N (POM-N), microbial biomass C (MB-C), N mineralization potential (PMIN-N), nitrate N, extractable P and K, pH, water-stable macroaggregates (WSA), and bulk density (BD). We used terrain analysis methods to group the data into landform element classes to evaluate the effect of topographic position on soil quality. Results indicate that soil quality is higher under long-term ridge-tillage compared with conventional tillage. Soil quality differences were consistently documented among the three watersheds by: (1) quantification of soil indicator variables, (2) calculation of soil quality index values, and (3) comparison of indicator variable and index results with independent assessments of soil function endpoints (i.e. sediment loss, water partitioning at the soil surface, and crop yield). Soil quality differences under ridge-till were found specifically for the backslope and shoulder landform elements, suggesting that soil quality increases on these landform elements are responsible for higher watershed-scale soil quality in the ridge-tilled watershed.     

彰武县东沟小流域综合治理及其效益分析

东沟小流域3年来的综合治理实践证明:根据辽北低山丘陵区风沙、干旱,水土流失严重的特点,进行详细的调查和科学的论证,因地制宜地布置各项水土保持措施,就能收到显著的保水保土效益和较高的经济效益。经统计,在近11km2的水土流失面积上,拦洪量达32.5万m3,拦沙量达到0.93万t。经济效益中的内部收益率为60.6%,经济效益费用比:3.85。     

流域管理模式下的湿地立法研究

分析了流域管理模式下湿地立法的必要性、可行性,探讨了设计流域管理模式下的湿地法律体系以及机构设置等问题.